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أَسَدُ بنُ الفُرَاتِ أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الحَرَّانِيُّ ثُمَّ المَغْرِبِيُّ
الإِمَامُ، العَلاَّمَةُ، القَاضِي، الأَمِيْرُ، مُقَدَّمُ المُجَاهِدِيْنَ، أَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الحَرَّانِيُّ، ثُمَّ المَغْرِبِيُّ.
مَوْلِدُهُ: بِحَرَّانَ، سَنَةَ أَرْبَعٍ وَأَرْبَعِيْنَ وَمائَةٍ.
قَالَهُ: ابْنُ مَاكُوْلاَ.
وَقَالَ غَيْرُهُ: سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ.
وَدَخَلَ القَيْرَوَانَ مَعَ أَبِيْهِ فِي الجِهَادِ، وَكَانَ أَبُوْهُ الفُرَاتُ بنُ سِنَانٍ مِنْ أَعْيَانِ الجُنْدِ.
رَوَى: أَسَدٌ، عَنْ مَالِكِ بنِ أَنَسٍ (المُوَطَّأَ) ، وَعَنْ: يَحْيَى بنِ أَبِي زَائِدَةَ، وَجَرِيْرِ بنِ عَبْدِ الحَمِيْدِ، وَأَبِي يُوْسُفَ القَاضِي، وَمُحَمَّدِ بنِ الحَسَنِ.
وَغَلَبَ عَلَيْهِ عِلْمُ الرَّأْيِ، وَكَتَبَ عِلْمَ أَبِي حَنِيْفَةَ.
أَخَذَ عَنْهُ: شَيْخُهُ؛ أَبُو يُوْسُفَ.
وَقِيْلَ: إِنَّهُ تَفَقَّهَ أَوَّلاً عَلَى الإِمَامِ عَلِيِّ بنِ زِيَادٍ التُّوْنُسِيِّ.
قِيْلَ: إِنَّهُ رَجَعَ مِنَ العِرَاقِ، فَدَخَلَ عَلَى ابْنِ وَهْبٍ، فَقَالَ: هَذِهِ كُتُبُ أَبِي حَنِيْفَةَ.وَسَأَلَهُ أَنْ يُجِيْبَ فِيْهَا عَلَى مَذْهَبِ مَالِكٍ، فَأَبَى، وَتَوَرَّعَ، فَذَهَبَ بِهَا إِلَى ابْنِ القَاسِمِ، فَأَجَابَهُ بِمَا حَفِظَ عَنْ مَالِكٍ، وَبِمَا يَعْلَمُ مِنْ قَوَاعِدِ مَالِكٍ، وَتُسَمَّى هَذِهِ المَسَائِلُ: الأَسَدِيَّةُ.
وَحَصَلَتْ بِإِفْرِيْقِيَةَ لَهُ رِيَاسَةٌ وَإِمْرَةٌ، وَأَخَذُوا عَنْهُ، وَتَفَقَّهُوا بِهِ.
وَحَمَلَ عَنْهُ سُحْنُوْنُ بنُ سَعِيْدٍ، ثُمَّ ارْتَحَلَ سُحْنُوْنُ بِالأَسَدِيَّةِ إِلَى ابْنِ القَاسِمِ، وَعَرَضَهَا عَلَيْهِ.
فَقَالَ ابْنُ القَاسِمِ: فِيْهَا أَشْيَاءُ لاَ بُدَّ أَنْ تُغَيَّرَ، وَأَجَابَ عَنْ أَمَاكِنَ.
ثُمَّ كَتَبَ إِلَى أَسَدِ بنِ الفُرَاتِ: أَنْ عَارِضْ كُتُبَكَ بِكُتُبِ سُحْنُوْنَ.
فَلَمْ يَفْعَلْ، وَعَزَّ عَلَيْهِ، فَبَلَغَ ذَلِكَ ابْنَ القَاسِمِ، فَتَأَلَّمَ، وَقَالَ:
اللَّهُمَّ لاَ تُبَارِكْ فِي الأَسَدِيَّةِ، فَهِيَ مَرْفُوْضَةٌ عِنْدَ المَالِكِيَّةِ.
قَالَ أَبُو زُرْعَةَ الرَّازِيُّ: كَانَ عِنْدَ ابْنِ القَاسِمِ نَحْوُ ثَلاَثِ مائَةِ جِلْدٍ مَسَائِلَ عَنْ مَالِكٍ، وَكَانَ أَسَدٌ مِنْ أَهْلِ المَغْرِبِ سَأَلَ مُحَمَّدَ بنَ الحَسَنِ عَنْ مَسَائِلَ، ثُمَّ سَأَلَ ابْنَ وَهْبٍ، فَلَمْ يُجِبْهُ.
فَأَتَى ابْنَ القَاسِمِ، فَتَوَسَّعَ لَهُ، وَأَجَابَ بِمَا عِنْدَهُ عَنْ مَالِكٍ، وَبِمَا يَرَاهُ.
قَالَ: وَالنَّاسُ يَتَكَلَّمُوْنَ فِي هَذِهِ المَسَائِلِ.
قَالَ عَبْدُ الرَّحِيْمِ الزَّاهِدُ: قَدِمَ عَلَيْنَا أَسَدٌ، فَقُلْتُ: بِمَ تَأْمُرُنِي؟ بِقَولِ مَالِكٍ، أَوْ بِقَولِ أَهْلِ العِرَاقِ؟
فَقَالَ: إِنْ كُنْتَ تُرِيْدُ الآخِرَةَ، فَعَلَيْكَ بِمَالِكٍ.
وَقِيْلَ: نَفِدَتْ نَفَقَةُ أَسَدٍ وَهُوَ عِنْدَ مُحَمَّدٍ، فَكَلَّمَ فِيْهِ الدَّوْلَةَ، فَنَفَّذُوا إِلَيْهِ عَشْرَةَ آلاَفِ دِرْهَمٍ.وَقَدْ كَانَ أَسَدٌ ذَا إِتْقَانٍ، وَتَحْرِيْرٍ لِكُتُبِهِ، لَقَدْ بِيْعَتْ كُتُبُ فَقِيْهٍ، فَنُوْدِيَ عَلَيْهَا: هَذِهِ قُوْبِلَتْ عَلَى كُتُبِ الإِفْرِيْقِيِّ، فَاشْتَرَوْهَا وَرَقَتَيْنِ بِدِرْهَمٍ.
وَعَنِ ابْنِ القَاسِمِ، أَنَّهُ قَالَ لأَسَدٍ:
أَنَا أَقْرَأُ فِي اليَوْمِ وَاللَّيْلَةِ خَتْمَتَيْنِ، فَأَنْزِلُ لَكَ عَنْ خَتْمَةٍ -يَعْنِي: لاشْتِغَالِهِ بِهِ-.
قَالَ دَاوُدُ بنُ أَحْمَدَ: رَأَيْتُ أَسَداً يَعْرِضُ التَّفْسِيْرَ، فَقَرَأَ: {إِنَّنِي أَنَا اللهُ لاَ إِلَهَ إِلاَّ أَنَا فَاعْبُدْنِي} ، فَقَالَ:
وَيلُ أُمِّ أَهْلِ البِدَعِ، يَزْعُمُوْنَ أَنَّ اللهَ خَلَقَ كَلاَماً، يَقُوْلُ: أَنَا.
قُلْتُ: آمَنْتُ بِالَّذِي يَقُوْلُ: {إِنِّيْ أَنَا اللهُ} ، وَبأَنَّ مُوْسَى كَلِيْمُهُ سَمِعَ هَذَا مِنْهُ، وَلَكِنِّي لاَ أَدْرِي كَيْفَ تَكَلَّمَ اللهُ؟
مَضَى أَسَدٌ أَمِيْراً عَلَى الغُزَاةِ مِنْ قِبَلِ زَيَادَةِ اللهِ الأَغْلَبِيِّ مُتَوَلِّي المَغْرِبِ، فَافْتَتَحَ بَلَداً مِنْ جَزِيْرَةِ صَقِلِّيَّةَ، وَأَدْرَكَهُ أَجَلُهُ هُنَاكَ فِي رَبِيْعٍ الآخِرِ، سَنَةَ ثَلاَثَ عَشْرَةَ وَمائَتَيْنِ.
وَكَانَ مَعَ تَوَسُّعِهِ فِي العِلْمِ فَارِساً، بَطَلاً، شُجَاعاً، مِقْدَاماً، زَحَفَ إِلَيْهِ صَاحِبُ صَقِلِّيَّةَ فِي مائَةِ أَلْفٍ وَخَمْسِيْنَ أَلْفاً.
قَالَ رَجُلٌ: فَلَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ أَسَداً
وَبِيَدِهِ اللِّوَاءُ يَقْرَأُ سُوْرَةَ يس، ثُمَّ حَمَلَ بِالجَيْشِ، فَهَزَمَ العَدُوَّ، وَرَأَيْتُ الدَّمَ، وَقَدْ سَالَ عَلَى قَنَاةِ اللِّوَاءِ وَعَلَى ذِرَاعِهِ.وَمَرِضَ وَهُوَ مُحَاصِرٌ سَرَقُوْسِيَةَ.
وَلَمَّا وَلاَّهُ صَاحِبُ المَغْرِبِ الغَزْوَ، قَالَ: قَدْ زِدْتُكَ الإِمْرَةَ، وَهِيَ أَشْرَفُ، فَأَنْتَ أَمِيْرٌ وَقَاضٍ.
