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أَبُو عُمَرَ الزَّاهِدُ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبْدِ الوَاحِدِ البَغْدَادِيُّ
الإِمَامُ الأَوْحدُ، العَلاَّمَةُ، اللُّغَوِيُّ، المُحَدِّثُ، أَبُو عُمَرَ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَبْدِ الوَاحِدِ بنِ أَبِي هَاشِمٍ البَغْدَادِيُّ، الزَّاهِدُ، المَعْرُوف: بِغُلاَمِ ثَعْلَبٍ.
وُلِدَ سَنَةَ إِحْدَى وَسِتِّيْنَ وَمائَتَيْنِ.
وَسَمِعَ مِنْ: مُوْسَى بنِ سَهْل الوَشَّاء، وَأَحْمَد بن عُبَيْدِ اللهِ النَّرْسِيّ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بنِ يُوْنُسَ الكُدَيْمِيّ، وَالحَارِثِ بنِ أَبِي أُسَامَةَ، وَأَحْمَدَ بنِ زِيَاد بنِ مِهْرَانَ السِّمْسَار، وَإِبْرَاهِيْمَ بنِ الهَيْثَمِ البَلَدِيِّ، وَإِبْرَاهِيْم الحَرْبِيّ، وَبِشْر بنِ مُوْسَى الأَسَدِيّ، وَأَحْمَد بن سَعِيْدٍ الجَمَّال، وَمُحَمَّدِ بنِ هِشَام بن البَخْتَرِيِّ، وَمُحَمَّدِ بنِ عُثْمَانَ العَبْسِي.
وَلاَزم ثَعْلباً فِي العَرَبِيَّة، فَأَكْثَرَ عَنْهُ إِلَى الغَايَة، وَهُوَ فِي عِدَاد الشُّيُوْخ
فِي الحَدِيْثِ لاَ الحُفَّاظ، وَإِنَّمَا ذكرتُهُ لِسَعَة حِفْظه للسَانِ الْعَرَب، وَصِدْقِهِ، وَعُلُوِّ إِسْنَادِهِ.حَدَّثَ عَنْهُ: أَبُو الحَسَنِ بنُ رَزْقُوَيْه، وَابْنُ مَنْدَة، وَأَبُو عَبْدِ اللهِ الحَاكِمُ، وَالقَاضِي أَبُو القَاسِمِ ابنُ المُنْذِرِ، وَأَبُو الحُسَيْنِ بنُ بِشْرَانَ، وَالقَاضِي مُحَمَّد بنُ أَحْمَدَ ابْن المَحَامِلِيّ، وَعَلِيُّ بنُ أَحْمَدَ الرَّزَّاز، وَأَبُو الحَسَنِ الحَمَّامِي، وَأَبُو عَلِيٍّ بنُ شَاذَانَ، وَخَلْقٌ كَثِيْرٌ.
وَقَعَ لِي أَرْبَعَة أَجزَاءٍ مِنْ حَدِيْثه.
قَرَأْتُ عَلَى أَحْمَدَ بنِ إِسْحَاقَ الزَّاهِد، أَنْبَأَنَا ظفر بنُ سَالِم بِبَغْدَادَ سنَةَ عِشْرِيْنَ وَسِت مائَة، أَخْبَرَنَا هِبَةُ اللهِ بنُ أَحْمَدَ الشِّبْلِي سنَة 557، أَخْبَرَنَا مُحَمَّدُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ أَبِي عُثْمَانَ، أَخْبَرَنَا أَبُو الحُسَيْنِ مُحَمَّدُ بنُ أَحْمَدَ بنِ القَاسِمِ سَنَةَ سَبْعٍ وَأَرْبَعِ مائَةٍ، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو عُمَرَ غُلاَمُ ثَعْلب، حَدَّثَنَا مُوْسَى بنُ سَهْل الوَشَّاء، حَدَّثَنَا أَبُو النَّضْر، حَدَّثَنَا عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بنُ ثَابِت بن ثَوْبَان، حَدَّثَنَا حَسَّانُ بنُ عَطِيَّةَ، عَنْ أَبِي مُنيب الجُرَشِيّ، عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، قَالَ:
قَالَ رَسُوْلُ اللهِ - صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ -: (بُعِثْتُ بَيْنَ يدِي السَّاعَة بِالسَّيْف، حَتَّى يُعَبْدَ اللهُ وَحدَه، لاَ شَرِيْكَ لَهُ، وَجَعَلَ رِزْقي تَحْتَ ظلِّ رُمحِي، وَجُعِلَ الذُّلُّ وَالصَّغَار عَلَى مِنْ خَالف أَمرِي، وَمن تشبَّه بِقَومٍ فَهُوَ مِنْهُم) .
إِسْنَادُهُ صَالِحٌ.
قَالَ أَبُو الحَسَنِ ابنُ المَرْزُبَان: كَانَ أَبُو مُحَمَّدٍ بنُ مَاسِي مِنْ دَار كعْب يُنفِذُ إِلَى أَبِي عُمَرَ غُلاَم ثَعْلَب وَقتاً بَعْد وَقت كفَايته مَا يُنْفِقُ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ، فَقطع ذَلِكَ عَنْهُ مُدَّة لعُذرٍ، ثُمَّ أَنفذَ إِلَيْهِ جُمْلَةَ مَا كَانَ فِي رَسْمه، وَكَتَبَ إِلَيْهِ يعتذرُ، فَرَدَّهُ وَأَمر أَنْ يُكْتَبَ عَلَى ظهر رُقْعته: أَكْرَمْتَنَا فملكْتَنَا، ثُمَّ أَعْرضْتَ عَنَّا، فَأَرَحْتَنَا.قُلْتُ: هُوَ كَمَا قَالَ أَبُو عُمَرَ، لكنِّه لَمْ يُجْمِل فِي الردِّ، فَإِنْ كَانَ قَدْ مَلَكَه بِإِحسَانِه القَدِيْمِ، فَالتملُّكُ بحَاله، وَجُبر التَأخير بِمجيئه جُمْلَةً وَبَاعتذَارِه، وَلَوْ أَنَّهُ قَالَ: وَتركتنَا فَأَعَتَقْتَنَا، لكَانَ أَليَق.
قَالَ الخَطِيْبُ أَبُو بَكْرٍ فِي تَرْجَمَة أَبِي عُمَرَ الزَّاهِد: ابْنُ مَاسِي لاَ أَشُكُّ أَنَّهُ إِبْرَاهِيْم بنُ أَيُّوْبَ، وَالد أَبِي مُحَمَّدٍ عَبْد اللهِ.
قَالَ: وَأَخْبَرَنِي عَبَّاسُ بنُ عُمَرَ، سَمِعْتُ أَبَا عُمَرَ الزَّاهِد يَقُوْلُ:
تَرْكُ قَضَاء حُقُوق الإِخْوَانِ مَذَلّة، وَفِي قَضَاء حُقُوقهُم رِفْعَة.
قَالَ الخَطِيْبُ: سَمِعْتُ غَيْرَ وَاحدٍ يحكِي عَنْ أَبِي عُمَرَ أَنَّ الأَشرَافَ وَالكُتَّاب كَانُوا يحضُرُوْنَ عِنْدَهُ ليسمعُوا مِنْهُ كُتب ثَعْلَب، وَغيَرهَا.
وَلَهُ (جُزْء) قَدْ جَمَع فِيْهِ فَضَائِل مُعَاوِيَة، فَكَانَ لاَ يتْرك وَاحِداً مِنْهُم يقرأُ عَلَيْهِ شَيْئاً حَتَّى يبتدِئَ بقرَاءة ذَلِكَ الجُزْء.
وَكَانَ جَمَاعَة مِنْ أَهْلِ الأَدب لاَ يوثِّقُوْنَ أَبَا عُمَرَ فِي عِلْم اللُّغَة حَتَّى قَالَ
لِي عُبَيْدُ اللهِ بنُ أَبِي الفَتْحِ يُقَال: إِنَّ أَبَا عُمَرَ كَانَ لَوْ طَارَ طَائِرٌ لقَالَ: حَدَّثَنَا ثَعْلَب عَنِ ابْنِ الأَعْرَابِيّ، ثُمَّ يذكر شَيْئاً فِي معنَى ذَلِكَ.فَأَمَّا الحَدِيْث فرَأَيْتُ جمِيعَ شُيُوْخِنَا يوثِّقونَه فِيْهِ، وَحَدَّثَنَا عَلِيُّ بنُ أَبِي عَلِيٍّ، عَنْ أَبِيهِ، قَالَ:
وَمن الرُّوَاة الَّذِيْنَ لَمْ يُرَ قَطُّ أَحْفَظ مِنْهُم أَبُو عُمَرَ غُلاَمُ ثَعْلَب، أَمْلَى مِنْ حِفْظِهِ ثَلاَثِيْنَ أَلفَ وَرقَة لغَةً فِيمَا بَلَغَنِي، وَجمِيعُ كُتُبه إِنَّمَا أَملاَهَا بِغَيْر تَصْنِيف، وَلِسَعَةَ حِفْظه اتُّهِم.
وَكَانَ يُسْأَل عَنِ الشَّيْءِ الَّذِي يُقدّر أَنَّ السَّائِل وَضعه، فيجيبُ عَنْهُ، ثُمَّ يَسأَله غَيْرُه بَعْد سنَةٍ، فَيُجِيب بجَوَابِه.
أُخبرت أَنَّهُ سُئِلَ عَنْ قنطزَة فَقِيْلَ: مَا هِيَ؟
فَقَالَ: كَذَا وَكَذَا.
قَالَ: فتضَاحكنَا، وَلَمَّا كَانَ بَعْد شُهُور هَيَّأْنَا مَنْ سأَله عَنْهَا، فَقَالَ:
أَلَيْسَ قَدْ سُئِلْتُ عَنْ هَذِهِ مُنْذُ شُهُور وَأَجَبْتُ ؟
قَالَ ابْنَ خَلِّكَانَ: اسْتدْرَك عَلَى (الفَصِيْح) لثَعْلب كُرَّاساً، سَمَّاهُ (فَائِت الفَصِيْح) ، وَلَهُ كتَاب (اليَاقُوتَة ) ، وكتَاب (المُوَضّح) ، وكتَاب (السَّاعَاتِ) ، وكتَاب (يَوْم وَليلَة) ، وكتَاب (الْمُسْتَحْسن) ، وكتَاب (الشُّوْرَى) ، وكتَاب (الْبيُوع) ، وكتَاب (تَفْسِيْر أَسْمَاء الشّعرَاء) ، وكتَاب (القبَائِل) ، وكتَاب (المكنُوْنَ وَالمكتوم) ، وكتَاب (التُّفَاحَة) ، وكتَاب
(المَدَاخل ) ، وكتَاب (فَائِت الجمهرَة) ، وكتَاب (فَائِت العينِ) وَأَشيَاء.قَالَ الخَطِيْبُ: حَكَى لِي رَئِيْسُ الرُّؤسَاءِ أَبُو القَاسِمِ عَلِيُّ بنُ الحَسَنِ عَمَّنْ حَدَّثَهُ، أَنَّ أَبَا عُمَرَ الزَّاهِد، كَانَ يُؤدِّب وَلد أَبِي عُمَرَ مُحَمَّدِ بنِ يُوْسُفَ القَاضِي، فَأَملَى يَوْماً عَلَى الغُلاَم ثَلاَثِيْنَ مَسْأَلَة فِي اللُّغَة، وَختمَهَا بِبَيْتَيْنِ.
قَالَ: فَحَضَرَ ابْنُ دُرَيْد، وَابْنُ الأَنْبَارِيّ، وَأَبُو بَكْرٍ بنُ مِقْسَم عِنْد القَاضِي، فَعَرض عَلَيْهِم المَسَائِل فَمَا عرفُوا مِنْهَا شَيْئاً، وَأَنكرُوا الشّعر.
فَقَالَ لَهُم القَاضِي: مَا تقولُوْنَ فِيْهَا؟
فَقَالَ ابْنُ الأَنْبَارِيّ: أَنَا مَشْغُول بِتَصْنِيف (مُشكل القُرْآن) .
وَقَالَ ابْنُ مِقْسَم: وَذكر اشتغَاله بِالقِرَاءات.
وَقَالَ ابْنُ دُرَيْد: هِيَ مِنْ وَضْع أَبِي عُمَرَ، وَلاَ أَصل لِشَيْءٍ مِنْهَا فِي اللُّغَة.
فَبَلَغَ أَبَا عُمَرَ فسَأَلَ مِنَ القَاضِي إِحضَارَ دَواوين جَمَاعَة عيَّنهُم لَهُ فَفَتَحَ خَزَائِنه، وَأَخْرَجَ تِلْكَ الدَّواوين، فَلَمْ يَزَلْ أَبُو عُمَرَ يعمِدُ إِلَى كُلِّ مَسْأَلَة، وَيخرجُ لَهَا شَاهداً، وَيعرِضُهُ عَلَى القَاضِي حَتَّى تمَّمهَا، ثُمَّ قَالَ:
وَالبيتَان أَنْشَدَنَاهُمَا ثَعْلب بحضرَةِ القَاضِي، وَكَتَبَهُمَا القَاضِي عَلَى ظَهْر الكِتَاب الفُلاَنِي، فَأَحضر القَاضِي الكِتَابَ، فَوجَدهُمَا، وَانْتَهَى الخَبَرُ إِلَى ابْنِ دُرَيْد، فَمَا ذكر أَبَا عُمَرَ الزَّاهِد بلفظَةٍ حَتَّى مَاتَ.
ثُمَّ قَالَ رَئِيْسُ الرُّؤسَاء: وَقَدْ رَأَيْتُ أَشيَاء كَثِيْرَةً مِمَّا اسْتُنكر عَلَى أَبِي عُمَرَ، وَاتُّهِم فِيْهَا مدوَّنَةً فِي كتُب أَئِمَّة العِلْمِ، وَخَاصَّةً فِي (غَرِيْب المصَنَّف) لأَبِي عُبَيْد أَوْ كَمَا قَالَ.قَالَ الخَطِيْبُ: سَمِعْتُ عَبْدَ الوَاحِد بن بَرهْان، يَقُوْلُ:
لَمْ يَتَكَلَّمْ فِي عِلْم اللُّغَة أَحدٌ مِنَ الأَوَّلين وَالآخرين أَحسنَ كَلاَماً مِنْ كَلاَمِ أَبِي عُمَرَ الزَّاهِد.
قَالَ: وَلَهُ كتَاب (غَرِيْبِ الحَدِيْثِ) أَلَّفه عَلَى (مُسْنَد أَحْمَدَ بن حَنْبَل ) .
وَلليَشْكُرِي فِي أَبِي عُمَرَ قصيدَةٌ مِنْهَا:
فَلَو أَننِي أَقْسَمْتُ مَا كُنْتُ كَاذِباً ... بِأَنْ لَمْ يَرَ الرَّاؤون حِبْراً يُعَادِلُهْ
إِذَا قُلْتَ شَارَفْنَا أَواخِر عِلْمه ... تفجَّر حَتَّى قُلْتَ هَذَا أَوائِلُهْ
مَاتَ أَبُو عُمَرَ فِي ذِي القَعْدَةِ سَنَةَ خَمْسٍ وَأَرْبَعِيْنَ وَثَلاَثِ مائَةٍ.
